В начале XX века вблизи нашего города появляется уникальное лечебное заведение в виде психиатрической лечебницы. Второго такого не было во всей Екатеринославской губернии. Сегодня эта больница скрыта под водами Днепра, и увидеть ее вживую смогут разве что дайверы. Мы расскажем ее историю, о некоторых пациентах и о том, что случилось с лечебницей.
Долгое время специализированных учреждений для душевнобольных не существовало. Заниматься людьми с поврежденной психикой должны были в монастырях. Это не решало проблему, поскольку места были ограничены, да и никакого полноценного лечения священнослужители обеспечить не могли.
На всю Российскую империю в начале XX века приходилось 128 психбольниц. Естественно, такое число было совершенно недостаточным. Поэтому единственным выходом было строительство частных лечебниц. Их финансирование осуществлялось за счет меценатов или определенных финансовых кругов из заинтересованных лиц. Наша “Бетания” была как раз такой лечебницей, построили ее меннониты.
Среди меннонитов бытовал обычай закрытого общества, браки заключались внутри своей общины. Поэтому разнообразные заболевания, в том числе и психические, были совсем не редкостью среди этих людей.
К 1910 году окончательно оформилась комиссия, занимавшаяся вопросами строительства больницы. Возглавил комиссию Якоб Зудерманн, заместителем значился Питер Кооп. За образец была взята аналогичная больница в немецком городе Билефельд. Название новой больницы было определено как “Вифания”. Вифания – библейская родина Лазаря, Марфы и Марии. Уже в более позднее время местные жители переделали название на свой лад, так и появилась “Бетания”.
Основную часть средств на постройку дали промышленники. Благо, многие меннониты были успешными бизнесменами. Например, очень большие суммы давал Питер Абрамович Копп. В первые шесть месяцев 1911 им было потрачено почти 24,5 тысячи рублей.
Оборудование для больницы закупали частично по месту, а часть приходилось заказывать издалека. Например, 50 кроватей выписали из Варшавы. А вот мебель в виде шкафов, стульев и столов заказали на Кичкасе.
Денег на оборудование не жалели. В здании был собственный водопровод. Система отопления обеспечивалась чугунными батареями. Для палат 1-го класса (они предназначались для состоятельных пациентов) отдельно купили ночные столики, диваны, стулья и прочие необходимые вещи.
Первым в строй ввели женский корпус. Произошло это событие 15 марта 1911 года. Корпус назвали “Вефиль”, в честь одного из городов древнего Израиля. Буквально это слово переводится с иврита как “Дом Бога”. 20 августа открылся и мужской корпус, его назвали “Салем” – тоже город из времен древнего Израиля.
Уже в первые два дня в женский корпус поступили несколько пациентов. 15 марта это были Екатерина Янц, Елена Герцен и Анна Варкетин. На следующий день к ним присоединилась Мария Унгер.
В мужском корпусе поначалу было чуть меньше людей. В первый день поступили Абрам Дридигер и Абрам Браун. Зато в последующие дни число пациентов начало стремительно увеличиваться. 15 сентября в клинику поступило сразу 3 человека. Это были два сына и дочь некоего Франца Исаака, проживавшего в Томской губернии. Этот человек отправил своих детей в александровскую лечебницу, но при этом содержали их за счет заведения. Отец прислал для детей только одежду и ботинки.
В 1913 году открылся главный корпус. Он был двухэтажным, здание было полностью кирпичным. В крыльях здания располагались палаты для пациентов, они разделялись на женские и мужские. Кроме них, в здании имелись аптека, зал для посетителей, зал собраний и прочие помещения и кабинеты.
Общая стоимость постройки составила 80 тысяч рублей. Сюда провели и электрическое освещение, а также телефон. Имелись и хозяйственные постройки, в частности коровник и свинарник. Была в “Бетании” и своя пекарня, в которой выпекали хлеб для пациентов и персонала.
Территорию больницы качественно озеленили. Для этого из Черкасской губернии выписали 100 крымских сосен, 500 белых акаций, 100 американских кленов и десятки других деревьев. Внутри помещений
Возглавлял учреждение заведующий врач. Ему подчинялись врач ассистент, по 12 прислужников и прислужниц, еще были старший прислужник и старшая прислужница. Отдельной строкой шли люди, обеспечивающие функционирование хозяйства больницы, например столяры, кочегар при паровом котле и другие.
Наличие подсобного хозяйства при больнице создавало неплохое подспорье. Это был не только источник продуктов, но и заработка. Часть продуктов продавалась, а деньги шли в больничную кассу. К работе нередко привлекали и пациентов (если, конечно, позволяло состояние здоровья).
Первоначально персонал больницы готовили за границей. Например, врач-ассистент Тиссен был направлен для стажировки в Германию, туда же отправили и часть медсестер. С началом Первой Мировой войны от этой практики пришлось отказаться.
В среднем, в больнице содержалось около сотни человек. Среди заболеваний отмечались эпилепсия, идиотизм, хронические умственные расстройства, органические нервные расстройства.
Основными методиками лечения были следующие. Широко применялись холодные и горячие ванны, а также прием успокаивающих препаратов. При том лекарственные препараты применялись не так уж и часто.
Как мы уже упоминали, широко применялась трудотерапия. В случае способности пациента работать, его отправляли к садовнику, пекарю или скотоводам. Везде можно было чем-то заняться. Труд помогал социализировать людей, вернуть их к нормальной жизни.
В особо трудных случаях применялись и физическое воздействие. Как правило, под этим понимали надевание смирительной рубахи. Впрочем, таких пациентов в городе было совсем мало.
В годы Первой Мировой войны начали поступать в больницу и солдаты. Притом не все они были российскими, попадали в “Бетанию” и австрийские военнопленные. Кстати, двое из солдат “двуединой монархии” не смогли вспомнить своих имен, и их так и записали под №4 и №17.
Как уже говорилось, финансировалась больница в основном за счет пожертвований разнообразных меннонитских обществ и частных лиц. До революции такой подход позволял не только сводить концы с концами, но и содержать пациентов, плату за содержание которых платить было некому или нечем.
Но с началом беспорядков и Гражданской войны все рухнуло. Постоянные боевые действия в нашем крае приводили к нередким случаям грабежа. В 1921 году разразилась эпидемия тифа, от нее умерло немало пациентов. Меценаты тоже не особенно могли помочь, поскольку большинство богатых жителей Александровска (и не только) либо погибли, либо выехали за рубеж. Больница была национализирована, но финансирования это ей не добавило. Выживать лечебнице удавалось за счет подсобного хозяйства и продажи продовольствия. Так можно было получить необходимые деньги, а даже на текущий ремонт их требовалось немало.
Окончательно закрыли больницу после начала строительства ДнепроГЭС. Ее территория попала в зону затопления. Часть коек передали в херсонскую больницу, а часть пациентов отправилась в днепропетровскую больницу.
Сегодня постройки клиники скрылись под водами Днепра. Известный запорожский исследователь Юрий Батаев сумел отыскать часть из них на дне реки, но для детального изучения требуются дополнительные средства и оборудование.
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