Современные запорожские газеты известны почти каждому жителю города, благо, практически у каждой из них сейчас есть и интернет-версии, а также свои представительства в соцсетях. А как все было 100 лет назад? О чем писали предки современных запорожских журналистов? Сегодня мы обо всем этом расскажем, а заодно и вспомним первые периодические издания города.
Самой первой именно местной газетой стало издание городской управы под названием “Александровский городской вестник”. Выходило издание всего два года (с 1904 по 1906 годы), свежий номер появлялся дважды в неделю.
Назначением газеты было прежде всего доносить до читателей важную информацию о событиях в городе, а также объявления для населения Александровска. Просуществовала газета недолго потому, что у конкурирующих с ней частных изданий интересные материалы появлялись чаще, и все они в основном были на самообеспечении. На местную газету деньги приходилось находить городской управе, и это оказалось слишком дорогим удовольствием.
В ту пору жители Александровска отдавали предпочтение столичным (петербургским) газетам, среди которых стоит особо отметить “Свет”.
Газета “Свет” была ежедневной, и состояла из 3 листов. Главной “фишкой” этой газеты можно назвать рубрику “Внутренние известия” (позднее – “По городам и сёлам России”), в которой публиковались короткие сообщения из регионов империи. Кроме того, к этой газете выпускалось приложение в виде книги с разнообразными литературными произведениями. Напоследок скажем, что годовая подписка на газету (включая доставку) обходилась всего в 4 рубля, а единичный номер газеты стоил 3 копейки.
В 1909 году в Александровске появляется и первая частная газета, которая носила название “Запорожский край”. Просуществовала она недолго – с февраля по июль.
А в августе появляется следующая газета – “Запорожская речь”, главным редактором которой становится некто Загоскин. Успело выйти лишь 5 номеров газеты, поскольку самый первый номер оказался скандальным. В нем была размещена статья, посвященная митингующим работникам в Швеции, написанная в комплементарном тоне.
Разумеется, что после недавних событий революции 1905 года, которым были свойственны постоянные стачки и остановки производства, царские власти очень негативно реагировали на любые действия, оправдывающие забастовки. На редактора подали в суд, и наложили штраф в 300 рублей.
Но тот решил не сдаваться, и основал новую газету, под старым-новым названием “Запорожский край”. Особой популярностью, впрочем, она не пользовалась и закрылась после выхода 41 номера.
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Думаете, “желтая пресса” появилась в нашем городе только в последние годы существования СССР? Как бы не так! В 1910 году в городе появляется газета под названием “Александровские новости”, редактором которой был Абрам Шрайбер. Абрам Моисеевич вообще был большим специалистом в деле выпуска газет, ранее он занимался этим же делом в Херсоне и Бердянске. Притом Шрайбер в каждом городе сначала организовывал выпуск газеты, делал ее более-менее узнаваемой, а затем продавал.
Секретом успеха Шрайбера были скандальные публикации, которые были основаны лишь на городских слухах. Для этого была отведена специальная рубрика – “О чем говорят”. Эти публикации в конце концов довели Шрайбера до судов, которые он проиграл. Впрочем, сам экс-редактор (на момент судов газета была уже продана) хорошо осознавал уровень публикаций, и решил заблаговременно бежать из Александровска.
Новый редактор, Абрам Шиндельман продолжил начатое дело. Большинство журналистов газеты публиковалось под псевдонимом, чтобы избежать обвинений в клевете и других злодеяниях. Псевдонимы, кстати, были специфическими: Прометей, Ахиллес, Кармен и другие, не менее необычные (как для нашего времени).
В 1912 газета прекращает свое существование, но тут же появляется новая – “Новости Александровска”, все с тем же Шиндельманом на посту редактора. Редакционная политика остается той же – публикуются резонансные материалы на скандальные темы. Например, очень большой популярностью пользовался материал о проститутках, практически открыто “трудившихся” при отелях города. На редактора даже подал в суд хозяин одного из отелей.
Конечно же, официально издание под названием “Александровский вестник” позиционировалось как справочное, общественное, литературное и коммерческое без политической направленности. Но редакционная политика под руководством Бориса Розенштейна была очень специфичной.
Большая часть материалов издания были посвящены именно жизни еврейской общины Александровска, а также других городов региона. В поздние годы существования газеты у нее был собственный корреспондент в столице.
Что любопытно, никакие скандалы с газетой связаны не были. Зато однажды ей пришлось менять место выпуска – первая типография, в которой была организована печать газеты, сгорела. Свое существование “Александровский вестник” прекратил в 1916 году.
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Немного юмора: как и в других изданиях, журналисты здесь не подписывались собственными именами, а пользовались псевдонимами. Среди них встречаются Земляк, Невидимка, а также Кресло №18. Чем руководствовался автор, скрывавшийся за последним псевдонимом – увы, загадка.
В 1912 году в Александровске начинает выходить издание под названием “Отклики Приднепровья”, ее редактором был инженер Гурович. Прочитав первый номер газеты, можно было подумать, что журналисты будут бороться за расширение прав прессы и распространять новые, прогрессивные мысли.
Но на самом деле главной задачей стала борьба с конкурентами. Часть статей подхватывала чужие резонансные темы, в явном расчете раздуть скандал, пиарясь за счет работы журналистов других изданий. Кроме того, использовалась и тактика адресной критики чужих статей, при этом собственных сколько-нибудь значимых статей или расследований “Отклики Приднепровья” никогда не печатали.
Но постоянная вражда с другими газетами не вредила, и даже помогала набирать популярность. Точку в существовании газеты поставила цензура. Было отмечено, что в ряде статей негативно оценивались выборы в Думу, высказывались претензии к избирательной системе. Также встречались и рассуждения на тему несчастного положения низших слоев населения – рабочих и крестьян. Журналисты издания осмелели настолько, что решились похвалить статью Михаила Бакунина, которого в Российской империи считали преступником (тот декларировал анархические идеи).
Редактора газеты осудили и назначили ему штраф в 500 рублей. Вот так и закончилась “жизнь” самой воинственной газеты Александровска, просуществовавшей с мая по сентябрь 1912 года.
Как видно, газеты в Александровске отнюдь не были долгожителями. Большинство из них завершило свою «жизнь» из-за цензуры, то и дело находившей в них недопустимые материалы. Но редакторы, как правило, тут же создавали новую газету, а все контролирующие органы делали вид, что ничего не замечают до поры до времени.
Но с началом революции все резко изменилось. Новые власти отнюдь не жаловали нейтральные источники информации. Окончательно все частные александровские газеты «прикрыли» с приходом власти большевиков, которые основали собственные печатные издания.
Автор: Hannelora
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