Сегодня Запорожье, как и многие города в Украине и по всему миру, охвачено эпидемией коронавируса Covid-19. Пока еще неизвестно, чем все закончится, но будем надеяться, что массовая вакцинация населения со временем все же даст результат. А пока что изучим опыт предыдущих лет и узнаем, как в Запорожье справились с эпидемиями туберкулеза, холеры и других заболеваний.
До революции в Александровске основной проблемой были холера и туберкулез. Также отмечались случаи оспы, тифа, дифтерии, скарлатины и других болезней. Все усугублялось тем, что централизованное водоснабжение было только у жителей центральных улиц города. Жители окраин по-прежнему довольствовались услугами водовозов или же вообще решали вопрос с водой сами. Разумеется, санитарное состояние такой воды было далеко от идеала.
Во время гражданской войны Александровск не раз переходил из рук в руки. Разумеется, в то время было не до борьбы с эпидемиям. Поэтому от различных заразных болезней гибло зачастую не меньше людей, чем вследствие боевых действий. Лишь после завершения боевых действий советские власти, окончательно установившие свою власть над городом приступают к борьбе с эпидемиями.
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Первым шагом стало создание т.н. чрезвычайных санитарных комиссий. Слово “чрезвычайный” не должно вводить в заблуждение, тогда оно было весьма в ходу у большевиков. Главным были функции нового органа – введение мер профилактики для борьбы с эпидемиями.
В 1922 году создают санитарно-эпидемиологическую службу. В Запорожье профильная лаборатория была создана в июне. Всего же медицинских учреждений в городе было критически мало: 3 поликлиники, 5 больниц, 5 аптек и рентгенкабинет.
Отчаянная ситуация с водоснабжением никак не улучшилась, и результат не заставил себя долго ждать. Город в мае 1922 года поразила эпидемия холеры, начавшая быстро набирать обороты. Вскоре появился и паразитарный тиф.
Меры борьбы предприняли в кратчайшие сроки. В детских домах и школах развернута кампания по прививкам, которые были обязательными для всех детей. Взрослых также приглашали на прививки в больницу, рабочие же предприятий тоже могли получить прививку в профильной больнице. Уже к началу июня было сделано около тысячи полных вакцинаций (пройдены все 3 этапа) и около 3 тысяч первичных.
В аптеках тоже аншлаг, они получают до 500 рецептов в день. С медикаментами помогает АРА – американская благотворительная организация. Но основным методом борьбы выбрали чистоту улиц и чистоту тел. Решить первую задачу самостоятельно власти не могли, штат сотрудников был слишком мал. И тут в дело вступила командно-административная советская система. Решено было перебросить решение проблемы на плечи жителей города и руководство разнообразных организаций. Именно они должны были теперь отвечать за уборку дворов и придомовых территорий. Им же поручено ликвидировать стихийные свалки. Контроль за выполнением этих обязанностей осуществляли работники коммунального хозяйства и милиции.
Также была открыта коммунальная баня. Она должна была обеспечить людям возможность нормально помыться. Правда, посещение было не бесплатным – дети рабочих должны были платить по 25 копеек, а если Вы хотите номер с паром, то заплатите уже 500 рублей.
Каждым летом в течение всех 1920-х годов в Запорожье вспыхивала эпидемия малярии. Особенно тяжело она проходила в 1923 году, тогда в городе практически не осталось лекарств. К тому же, заполненность больными была критической. За два месяца, в мае и июне было зарегистрировано почти 950 случаев этой болезни. Условия в бараке для больных были очень плохими, кормили там отвратительно. К тому же, можно было даже не мечтать о чистом белье и одежде. На всех больных было только 2 работницы в прачечной, и они просто не справлялись с таким объемом работы.
Начали встречаться и случаи скарлатины. Но с этой хворью удалось справиться быстро с помощью вакцинации. За 1927 год сделали более 15 тысяч прививок, что позволило сократить число заболеваний.
Серьезной проблемой был и тиф. Его вспышки происходили регулярно, несмотря на активные мероприятия по борьбе с распространением этой болезни, в частности пропаганде гигиены, расселения и борьбы за чистоту. Более того – применялись активные меры по вакцинации и изоляции заболевших. Но вплоть до начала 1930-х годов ежегодно отмечалась новая вспышка тифа.
В общем-то, власти понимали, что корень зла лежит в отсутствии водопровода, канализации, а также в отвратительной грязи на улицах и во дворах Запорожья. Но работы в этом отношении шли очень медленно, большая часть рабочих поселков оставалась без водоснабжения.
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В зимнее время опасность представлял грипп. Достойного способа борьбы с этим недугом так и не удалось найти, благо весной эпидемия сама собой сходила на нет. Нужно было кардинально менять как само Запорожье, так и отношение граждан к гигиене. Необходим был сильный толчок, и он вскоре был дан.
Самостоятельно решить вопросы с чистотой и пропагандой “чистого” образа жизни городские власти были не в силах. Но с началом Днепростроя в Запорожье начинают прибывать огромные массы людей. Их нужно было где-то размещать, чем-то кормить и одновременно не допускать распространения эпидемий в среде рабочих, иначе важнейшая стройка могла быть не выполнена в срок, а это было чревато самыми пагубными последствиями для руководства.
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Одним из первых шагов стала борьба с ассенизаторами. Они относились к своим обязанностям крайне халатно. Нечистоты в баках не везли до конечного пункта, а разливали по дороге. По этому же пути на работу шли рабочие, и дышали всеми этими “ароматами”. Неоднократные жалобы на этот счет долгое время были без последствий, но именно с началом Днепростроя было связано распоряжение о контроле за работой сотрудников ассенизационной службы.
Отдельным вопросом стояло строительство канализации. Нужно было прокладывать полноценную систему, поскольку прирост населения и быстрые темпы урбанизации не оставляли шансов имеющимся мощностям и возможностям. С другой стороны, наличие канализации прямо влияло на эпидемиологический фон. Судите сами, в Запорожье на 10 тысяч человек было около 40 случаев заражения. В соседнем же Днепропетровске (в котором канализация была) этот показатель составлял 23 человека. Поэтому в план ближайшей пятилетки вопрос строительства канализации включен был совсем не зря. Запорожье тоже попало в список “счастливцев”, которым предстояло кардинально преобразить свое коммунальное хозяйство.
Также имелись планы о наведении порядка на базарах. Именно рынки были одним из главных источников инфекционных болезней, здесь было очень грязно. С антисанитарией боролись в основном на бумаге, на практике же контрольные комиссии регулярно отмечали, что ситуация находится в таком же отвратительном состоянии.
А вот что реально изменилось к лучшему, так это водопровод. Была проведена реконструкция насосных станций, а также частично заменили трубы. Все дело было в том, что за годы эксплуатации предыдущие трубы изнутри покрылись наростами. Они сузили диаметр труб и ухудшали проходимость воды. Да и чистоты они ей тоже не добавляли. Поэтому и пришлось проводить существенную реконструкцию.
Тем не менее, большая часть мероприятий оставалась долгое время лишь на бумаге. То не хватало денег, то долго тянулись бюрократические процедуры, то согласования… Гораздо быстрее все решалось там, где решение принимало руководство Днепростроя. В Шестом поселке были очень быстро организованы и водоснабжение, и канализация. Также построили и очистные сооружения.
Что же касается остальной части города, то там качественные изменения произошли уже в 1930-е годы, а массовые перемены к лучшему состоялись уже после Второй мировой войны.
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